王晓杰 肖慧玉 邓晓琴
大连医科大学附属第一医院
放射性心脏损伤(radiation induced heard disease, RIHD)是胸部肿瘤放射治疗引起的最严重的远期并发症之一。
临床研究现状
01、风险预测
心脏放射性损伤疾病多见于淋巴瘤、肺癌、食管肿瘤、乳腺肿瘤(尤其是左侧及内乳淋巴结照射时),主要表现为心衰、冠心病、心脏瓣膜病、心包疾病、心律失常等。且心血管病风险随着放射剂量的增高而增加。左侧及内乳淋巴结放疗后,左前降支是最常见的冠脉病变部位,冠脉开口处病变是常见的致死性病变部位。霍奇金淋巴瘤放疗后左主干、回旋支和右冠状动脉放疗损伤均很常见[1-2]。少数患者可出现永久性窦房结功能障碍和房室传导阻滞。目前的研究表明[3-6],放射性心脏损伤的发生机制主要为:
①血管内皮细胞损伤;②炎症反应;③氧化应激;④线粒体和内质网功能障碍;⑤多种细胞因子相互作用等。常见的危险因素主要为:使用蒽环类药物、年轻、心血管危险因素和心血管病史。
02、筛查与诊断
超声心动图、BNP、心肌标志物、心电图是放射性心脏损伤的有效筛查手段。必要时可以行冠脉造影检查明确冠心病诊断。心脏核磁和心脏CT可评估心脏瓣膜病病变程度。放射性瓣膜病变可考虑导管瓣膜置入术等[7]。
03、治疗和预防
(1)纠正危险因素(图1)
AHA倡导的“7项简单生活”(Life’s Simple 7)包括体力活动、健康体重、健康饮食、避免烟草、控制血压、控制胆固醇以及血糖水平,这对乳腺癌患者降低心脏损伤发生率非常重要[8-9]。
图1. 心血管病和胸部肿瘤常见的共同危险因素
(2)放疗新技术的应用
调强适型放疗(IMRT)可以改善放疗靶区剂量均匀性,提高疗效同时降低心脏等正常组织的损伤[10]。逆向计划设计IMRT心脏平均照射剂量、V20、V10均明显降低[11]。
质子治疗成为放疗技术的新突破。质子加速器产生的质子束能量,将狭窄的布拉格峰扩散出去,在目标区域形成一个均匀的剂量分布,更好的保护了正常组织[12]。
屏气呼吸门控技术的应用[13-16]:深吸气末屏气(DIBH)与自由呼吸相比,深吸气末屏气(DIBH)可以最大限度的在治疗过程中使心脏组织远离胸壁,从而减少心脏的高剂量区。呼吸门控技术是指在治疗时患者的某一特定呼吸时相可以触发门控系统从而启动射线照射,该技术不需要患者屏气,相对于DIBH患者的耐受性更好。
(3)放疗计划优化与心脏的保护
乳腺癌放疗计划设计中心脏剂量的限制
全乳放疗(RTOG1005)
根治性乳腺切除术后
(4)心脏保护药物的使用
氨磷汀在组织病理学上可以有效预防血管炎和血管损伤。随着近些年中药的广泛应用,丹参、当归和黄芪等均被证实可以减轻放射性心脏纤维化[17-18]。
(5)放疗精度的改进
光学表面成像系统(catalyst)
近年来,新的放疗技术不断发展并(如:IMRT、IGRT和SBRA)普遍应用于临床,放疗的精准性越来越高。正常组织如心脏受照射范围越来小。2019年,我院引进瑞典研制的全球最先进的光学表面成像系统,即Catalyst光学扫描系统协助患者定位与治疗,并实现呼吸门控进行心脏保护。Becker等[19]使用呼吸门控使乳腺癌放疗过程中心脏左前降支的平均剂量由11.1 Gy降低至9.3 Gy,并且只有在呼吸门控组左前降支的剂量与心脏平均剂量相关。
04、胸部肿瘤放疗后心脏损伤的随访
美国心血管造影与介入学会(SCAI)发布了肿瘤心脏病(Cardio-Oncology)患者的评估、管理和特殊考虑的专家共识声明[20]。
讨 论
放射治疗在胸部肿瘤治疗中具有十分重要的地位。随着肿瘤患者生存时间的延长,从最初的检查到治疗后随访几十年。现代放射治疗受益于放射生物学和放疗技术的进步,放疗新技术能够更好地降低正常组织的受照射剂量,达到提高肿瘤照射剂量同时更好的保护正常组织的目的,对放射性心脏损伤的临床研究,有利于临床肿瘤科医生、放疗科医生、心内科医生一起了解、预测和治疗各种形式的放射性心脏损伤,达到延长肿瘤病人生存期和提高生存质量的目的。
▼参考文献
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大连医科大学心血管病医院——肿瘤心脏病学团队
专家简介
邓晓琴 大连医科大学附属第一医院,肿瘤放疗科主任, 肿瘤教研室副主任,三级教授,主任医师,硕士研究生导师。中华医学会辽宁省放射治疗专委员会副主委,中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)肿瘤心脏病学专委会委员,中国医师协会结直肠放射治疗专委会委员,中国老年学会精准医学分会委员,中国抗衰老促进会肿瘤营养专委员副主任委员,辽宁省抗癌协会放射治疗专委会常委,华人肿瘤放疗协作组放免学会辽宁分会副主任委员。